Tag: stock trading

10 Habits of Happy Investors

Post author By Investa
Post date October 2, 2017
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10 habits of happy investors col financial april lynn tan

Who is a happy and effective investor?

In my opinion, he is someone who can confidently grow his investment portfolio through realistic means and without much stress. This confidence enables him to do what really matters to him as money is not the main objective of what he does. A happy and effective investor epitomizes “true financial freedom” because he knows that he can rely on the returns of his investment portfolio when he retires.

Contrary to popular belief, a happy and effective investor does not need to have a degree in finance or be an analyst (like me) or a stock broker. He just needs to have certain habits that are easy to adopt.

In this article, I’ll be sharing what I believe are some of the essential habits of happy and effective investors.

HABIT 1: INVEST CONSISTENTLY

A lot of people don’t invest because they think that getting a high paying job is enough to guarantee financial freedom. Ironically though, having a high paying job is not enough to guarantee financial freedom. If it were so, why are numerous highly paid celebrities and athletes bankrupt a few years after retirement? Moreover, according to a study by LIMRA on “when 25 year olds today reach 60”, a vast majority will be broke (63%), while 5% will still need to work. Only 1% will be wealthy and 4% will be financially independent.

Although getting a job that pays well is important, it is also equally important to invest consistently to become a happy and effective investor.

How much should you set aside? The 50-20-30 rule stipulates that you should consistently set aside 20% of what you earn on financial priorities which include investments. When you get a bonus, strive to set aside 50%for investments.

Resist the temptation to buy things that you want but don’t really need. Just remember that when you choose investments over your wants, your investments will eventually allow you to buy what you want. Every year, my husband and I set aside a certain amount for my children’s investment accounts because we believe giving gifts that keep on giving.

While investing consistently can be difficult like sticking to a diet or an exercise plan, you can do something to help you stay the course. For example, you can schedule an automatic fund transfer out of your payroll account equivalent to 20% of your salary every payday that will go towards the purchase of mutual funds or UITFs. COL Financial already has a function that allows automatic monthly investing of stocks and mutual funds.

HABIT 2: AVOID TIMING THE MARKET

When the market corrects,investors usually sell their positions with the intention of buying back when the market recovers. Intuitively, this should be a more profitable strategy as investors avoid big draw downs in the value of their portfolios.

However, studies show that timing the market is a very dangerous habit. According to a study conducted by Davis Advisors (using Bloomberg data), investors who just stayed invested in the S&P 500 from 1994 to 2013 would have generated an annual return of 9.5%. On the other hand, investors who had missed the 10 best days of the market during the same period would have seen their returns diminish to only 5.5% annually,while those who had missed the best 60 days would have generated a loss.

The same holds true for the Philippine stock market. In fact, market timers are hurt even more significantly given the greater volatility of local stocks. While investors who just stayed invested in the PSEi from 1996 to 2016 would have generated an annual return of 9.4%, those who had only missed the 10 best days would have already generated a loss of 0.4%!

HABIT 3: AVOID BEING EMOTIONAL

Investing in the stock market can be a very exhilarating exercise which is why many investors choose to trade actively instead of sticking to an investment plan that simply involves buying funds and some individual stocks on a regular basis. After all, a lucky investor who makes the right bet could more than double his money in a short span of time. For example, earlier this year, MAC was trading at less than Php3.00/share. Now it’s worth almost three times more at Php8.50/share! Assuming that you were the lucky investor who bought MAC earlier this year, you would be much richer today! People might also say that you are a genius for spotting MAC at such a good price making you feel proud of your achievement.

Most of the time though, investors are unlucky. According to a study by Dalbar and Lipper, the average stock fund investor returns from 1994 to 2013 is only 5.0%, trailing behind the average stock fund return of 8.4%. This is because investors typically buy at the top and sell at the low as they are overcome by greed and fear. This is why Warren Buffett said to “Be fearful when others are greedy and greedy when others are fearful.”

HABIT 4: ACCEPT VOLATILITY

Investing a certain portion of your portfolio in the stock market is important if you want to beat inflation and retire comfortably. However, a lot of people avoid investing in the stock market because of volatility. Unlike bank deposits, returns of stocks are very volatile. Even worse, they can go down in value and there are always many reasons why the market can go down in value (Examples: election of Trump as U.S. president, the declaration of martial law in Mindanao, Fed rate hike).

Although stocks are volatile, they also generate significantly higher returns compared to bank deposits. Moreover, the market goes up more frequently than down. For example, during the last 29 years, the market was up 20 years while it was down only 9 years. Total return during the said period was also substantial at 795%, significantly beating returns of bank deposits!

HABIT 5: BUY WHEN THE MARKET GOES ON SALE

January and July are my favorite times to go shopping since shops have their semi-annual sales. Like me, most people get excited to go shopping when stores go on sale.

However, the opposite is true when the stock market goes on sale. Instead of buying stocks, typical investors avoid the stock market, worrying that there must be something wrong.

In contrast, the happy and effective investor gets excited when the market goes on sale. He understands that buying when the market goes on sale allows him to generate even higher returns as history has shown that markets eventually recover after falling substantially in reaction to negative developments such as the Asian Financial Crisis and the Global Financial Crisis.

HABIT 6: DO YOUR HOMEWORK

People normally rely on tips when choosing which stocks to buy.

However, a happy and effective investor understands that to pick the right stock, he needs to do his homework. He knows that for share prices to remain in an uptrend, profits also have to be rising. This is based on the logic that profitable businesses are worth more. After all, who would want to buy a business that is losing money? He tries to understand what drives companies’ earnings, and determines whether these drivers are currently favorable for the company.

For example, from 2011 to 2013, CEB’s share price was on a downtrend because the price of oil was rising and oil is one of CEB’s major costs. At the same time, the airline industry was suffering from overcapacity as the growing popularity of low cost carriers encouraged new players to come in. This led to price wars that negatively affected CEB’s profitability.

However, towards the second half of 2014, oil prices started to fall. The industry also consolidated as airlines that were losing money either closed shop or were bought out by the bigger players. The said factors led to the rebound of CEB’s profitability and its share price.

Aside from knowing where profits are headed, the happy and effective investor makes sure that he is paying a reasonable price for the stock he is buying. This is measured by the price relative to the amount of earnings that the company is expected to generate or the P/E ratio. The lower the P/E ratio, the better, as this would improve a stock’s return potential.

A happy and effective investor avoids buying penny stocks based on tips. He understands the dangers of buying penny stocks, which could lead to his investment becoming worthless.

For example, in 2012, CAL was one of the most popular IPOs as its share price rallied by 219% in 9 days! However, at the peak, CAL was trading at 73.7X P/E which was very expensive considering that the PSEi was trading well below the said level. Moreover, instead of going up, CAL’s profits went down. As a result, share prices fell significantly.

HABIT 7: BE COST CONSCIOUS

The happy and effective investor understands that active trading, while exciting, is very costly. Did you know that the cost of buying and selling a stock (including taxes and commissions) is around 1.1%?

When buying funds, the happy and effective investor also studies fees that are charged by asset management companies. These include front load and back load fees, penalties for early redemption, management fees (0.25% to 2.15%) and other costs (up to 2.25%). Unfortunately, higher fees do not necessarily translate to better performance.

While costs of 1% to 2% may seem small, the slight reduction in portfolio returns spells a big difference when compounded annually over a long period of time. For example, a Php100,000 portfolio that generates a compounded annual return of 10% would be worth Php259,000 in 10 years. This is 8.7% more than a portfolio that generates a compounded annual return of 9.0% (because of a 1% cost annually) and 16.8% more than a portfolio that generates a compounded annual return of 8.0% (because of a 2% cost annually)! The difference increases even more over time as can be observed in the table below.

HABIT 8: DIVERSIFY

When I was a teenager, I remember envying classmates who had Sony Walkman. During my teenage years, having a Sony Walkman meant that you were “cool”.

When I had my first baby, I wanted to make sure that all the pictures I took of my baby were perfect. This was why I always bought Kodak film since I didn’t want to leave anything to chance.

However, cassette tapes and film cameras are now obsolete. And if you had only bought shares of Sony and Kodak because of the popularity of the Walkman and film cameras twenty years ago, the performance of your portfolio would be very disappointing.

The happy and effective investor understands that diversification is important to manage risks. Aside from protecting his portfolio from significant volatility resulting from unforeseen incidents (such as obsolescence of products), diversification also helps him manage the cash flow of his investments, so that he will not be forced to sell investments at a bad time.

Below are some basic types of diversification.

HABIT 9: THINK LONG TERM

The happy and effective investor is a long-term investor. He understands that by investing long term, he is maximizing the power of compounding to grow the value of his portfolio.

Did you know that by age 65, someone who invested Php5,000 a month starting at the age of 26 will have significantly more than someone who invested Php10,000 a month starting at the age of 46? This is despite the fact that both have set aside the same amount of Php2.4 Mil as investments.

The happy and effective investor also knows that when investing in the stock market, the risk of losses diminishes in the long run. Based on the study of the S&P 500’s performance from 1802-1997, it was impossible for an investor to register a loss assuming that he had a investment time horizon of at least 20 years. The same holds true for the Philippine stock market based on the study of the PSEi’s performance from 1987-2016.

HABIT 10: REVIEW YOUR PORTFOLIO

A happy and effective investor diligently reviews his portfolio on an annual basis. He determines whether he can increase the amount of money that he sets aside as investments. For example, did he get a pay increase or a big bonus that will allow him to invest more?

He also checks whether his portfolio allocation between different asset classes (such as stocks or bonds) is still appropriate given his current situation. For example, will he have a major expenditure soon that will require him to reduce his equity exposure?

He also tries to see whether he still likes to keep the individual stocks in his portfolio and whether his allocation to the different issues is still balanced or acceptable. Have fundamentals changed? Or is the stock now too expensive, making it a good time to lock in gains?

In summary, here are the 10 habits of happy and effective investors. I hope that you can adopt these habits so that you can become a happy and effective investor.

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Tags investing, stock market, stock trading, tips, trading

News & Features

An open letter to those who are overworked and underpaid

Post author By Investa
Post date October 1, 2017
No Comments on An open letter to those who are overworked and underpaid

If you want something you’ve never had, you must be willing to do something you’ve never done. – Thomas Jefferson

A lot of people think that investing is just for rich people — that you need a lot of money to be able to buy stocks and hire good financial advisers — but that’s just not true! Today, it’s easier than ever to start investing in stocks and here are 5 reasons why you should start, especially when you feel like you are overworked and underpaid:

Time is Money

Let us be clear about one thing: Successful investing takes time! It’s not magic. Don’t expect your money to grow 5 to 10 times in just a few days if you aren’t doing anything. Investing in the stock market is not a get-rich-quick scheme like what we usually see in coffee shops these days (If you know what I mean, POWER!). Just like establishing a business, there are risks involved in stock trading. But with proper risk management, discipline, and patience, your hard-earned money can grow not just by the thousands but by the millions!How does that happen? Through the concept of compounding interest! Many people have used compounding interest to achieve success in investing, and there’s no reason why you can’t too.
Basically, interest is compounded when the profit you’ve earned from your investment is added to your principal which can now also earn interest.

For example, if you invest Php 10,000 in a stock and it earns 10% interest, you would get an additional Php 1,000. Instead of spending that Php 1,000, you can add it to your investment to increase your capital to Php 11,000. Now if you earn another 10%, you will earn Php 1,100. That’s Php 100 more than what you earned the first time! Just keep doing this—add your earnings to your capital—and your money will grow much faster.
Be a Part-Owner of Big Companies

Whether we want to admit it or not, all of us wish we could own a successful business at some point—to be like the famous tycoons who earn millions every day or even just a small business owner who can manage his own time. At least you wouldn’t have to go to work every day and get paid so little!

But the sad reality is that not all of us will be able to give the time, effort, and money it takes to establish a huge business. Not every business is successful, and even successful businesses don’t make money right away. Sometimes it takes years for a business to start earning, and many of us cannot afford to do something like that. We have other responsibilities. We have families to take care of. So what do we do now?

Well, the answer is simple! You can easily become part-owner of a successful business simply by buying shares of successful companies in the stock market! Be part of their exponential growth—like in the case of Jollibee! Did you know that if you invested Php 10,000 in Jollibee in 1994, your investment would now be worth Php 309,000! Take note: that doesn’t even include the dividends yet! You don’t even need to go through the hassle of owning and operating a business to share in their profits!
Beat Inflation

Are you familiar with the concept of inflation? Inflation is a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money. (Source: Investopedia) In other words, inflation is what makes the value of your money go down as products and services become more expensive. This is one of the main reasons why you need to invest your money—because if you just save it, your money actually becomes less and less valuable as time passes.

Let’s look at an example: This 2017, the average inflation rate from January to July was 3.1%. If you put your money in the bank, a time deposit would have given you a maximum of 2-3% interest. That means that the real value of your money decreased by at least 1%—if you could use that money to buy 100 cups of rice before, now you can only buy 99. But if you invested in something like the stock market, you would be in a very different situation. On average, the Philippine Stock Exchange Index* produced a whopping average of 18% annual interest from January 2000 to August 2017—and that’s just the average. You can actually beat that by investing more in individual high-performing stocks!

*The Philippine Stock Exchange index is a collection of the 30 best-performing stocks in the market. These stocks are used to measure the movement and performance of the Philippine stock market in general.
Have Your Dream Retirement

A lot of us have a picture of the life we want to have—a life without deadlines, strict bosses, traffic, and stress. We work so hard and for so many years because we want to save enough money to do the things we dream about. We want to travel the world, build a home, and enjoy new experiences.

Unfortunately, a lot of us don’t realize that just working and saving won’t be enough to achieve these things. By the time you think you’ve saved enough money, you’ll realize that your body has become too weak or that you have other things to pay for—medicines, tuition for your kids, etc. It’s not that these are bad things to spend on, but what we’re saying is that you shouldn’t keep putting your dreams on hold. There’s more to life than working from 9 to 5 until you’re 60, and sometimes you need to step out of your comfort zone to do the things that will make you successful and happy! Through investing, you are not just striving towards your goal, but you are also moving forward at the fastest possible pace so that you still have time to enjoy the fruits of your hard work.
Live Your Purpose

You cannot give what you don’t have.

It feels great to help other people, but it also takes money to help other people. Investing isn’t just for those who want to buy cars and houses or go on vacations. The best part about investing is that it can help secure your family’s future and do good things for the people around you. It can help you improve people’s lives—especially in a developing country like the Philippines. Investing can help make a positive impact in the community and that, in our opinion, is priceless.

These are just five out of a lot more reasons for you to start investing. We hope this helped you realize the full potential of the stock market and your full potential as a person, too!

Interested in investing in the stock market? Here are a few links you might want to check out:

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Tags investing, stock market, stock trading, tips

How to & Advice

How to Trade Stocks While Working Full-Time

Post author By Investa
Post date October 1, 2017
No Comments on How to Trade Stocks While Working Full-Time

How many of us have heard or used these phrases before?

“Gusto ko sana mag-invest sa stock market pero busy ako sa work e.”

“I can’t keep checking the stock market while I’m at work.”

“Marami na kasi akong inaasikaso e. Wala nang oras magbantay ng stocks.”

“I want to try investing in the stock market but I have a full-time job.”

There are so many Filipinos who want to start investing in the stock market but don’t because they think it requires too much time and attention—something most of us can’t give. But did you know that there are people who successfully trade stocks while balancing work, family, friends, and personal time? Yes, it’s possible! So, how do they do it?

Before we tell you our tips for trading stocks while working a full-time job, let us explain the difference between what most people THINK stock trading is vs. what it ACTUALLY is. One of the most important things you should know is that there are many kinds of traders who create different systems and styles to suit their own lifestyle. One common way of classifying them is into day traders and swing traders.

Day traders are those who buy and sell stocks multiple times in one day. They rely heavily on Technical Analysis and make money from price changes that happen within a few hours. This is why they have to monitor the market very closely and execute trades as soon as the stock hits a specific price. Day trading takes a lot of time, which is why most day traders are full-time stock traders—they are what people usually think of when imagining what a stock trader should look like.

Swing traders on the other hand are those who wait days between transactions, holding onto stocks for days or weeks before selling them. These traders rely more on Fundamental Analysis and hold on to the stocks for a longer period of time. Because this style requires less time than day trading, many swing traders work full-time jobs as well.

Swing trading is a great option for most beginners, simply because it is too risky for most people to become a full-time trader right away. Swing trading allows you to maintain your current income so that you won’t rely completely on the profits from your trades—which realistically won’t be a big amount when you’re just starting out. This will minimize stress and pressure that could negatively affect your performance as a trader.

Still, like anything in the stock market, swing trading carries its share of risks and rewards. So here are a few tips to help you get started on the right foot:

TIP 1: Find time to research and analyze

Swing trading may require less time than day trading, but you still need to do the work. No strategy will succeed if you just blindly buy stocks. The good news is that you can do your research and analysis whenever you have free time—before work, after work, or even on the weekends. Take the time to research and analyze thoroughly because the more information you have, the better you will be able to plan your strategy for the coming days.

TIP 2: Set buy and sell prices ahead of time

Once you have done your research and analysis, pick the stocks you want to monitor and identify the prices where you will buy and sell even before the market opens. Your goal is simply to buy low and sell high, so use your research and analysis to identify the acceptable prices beforehand. Not only will this allow you to execute quickly during trading hours (i.e. in between meetings and other tasks at work), but it will also help you avoid making trades based on emotion.

TIP 3: Use ranges instead of exact prices

As a swing trader, you won’t be able to monitor price movements every minute of the day. That is why you should use price ranges rather than exact prices. This will give you some flexibility, but be careful not to take it too far. You still need to be strict with yourself when executing your plan. You might get impatient when the price gets close to your defined range, but don’t be carried away by your emotions. That’s a recipe for disaster. Stick to your plan.

TIP 4: Stay consistent when executing your plan

Because you already planned your trades ahead of time, you won’t need a lot of time to execute them. Set aside even just 15 minutes of your lunch or merienda break to check on your stocks. If you see that the prices have reached the buy or sell range that you set during planning, then simply execute the trade. If the prices have not reached the defined when you were planning your strategy, hold your position and check the market again tomorrow. Do this once a day, five days a week.

TIP 5: Let technology help you monitor your stocks

Nowadays, you can access everything with just your mobile phone and an internet connection. There are many free services and apps like Investagrams that can help you monitor your stocks on the go. If you have a very demanding or unpredictable schedule, you can also avail of affordable services like InvestaWatcher so you can get SMS and FB messenger alerts whenever a stock hits your defined buy and sell prices. Either way, take advantage of the many free and affordable services to help you succeed.

With so much information and new technology available on the internet, investing in the stock market has become easier and more feasible than ever before—even if you have a 9 to 5 job. You still won’t make money without putting in the effort, but at least you have resources. You don’t even need a big amount of capital. For just P5,000 and a few hours a week, you can already start trading in the Philippine Stock Market. Just start small and stay disciplined. Stay consistent and keep learning, and your hard work will eventually pay off.

Do you have tips for balancing work, life, and trading? Let us know in the comments below!

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Tags how to, investing, stock market, stock trading, trading

How to & Advice

How to Start Investing in the Philippine Stock Market

Post author By Investa
Post date September 28, 2017
No Comments on How to Start Investing in the Philippine Stock Market

What is the stock market and how does it work? How can you start investing in the stock market and making money? These are some of the most common questions we receive at Investagrams. In this article we’ll try to answer those questions and give you a step-by-step guide on how to start trading stocks yourself!

Let’s start with the basics of the stock market.

The stock market, as the name suggests, is just another type of market—like a food market where you buy meat and fish! The only difference is that in the stock market, people buy and sell companies like PLDT, Ayala Land, Meralco, and many more. Yup, that’s right! In the stock market, you can become a part-owner of some of the biggest companies in the Philippines.

You might be wondering, “How can a regular person afford to buy such big companies? Isn’t that expensive?” Well, it is! That’s why companies are divided into shares before being sold. Just like how you would cut a pizza into slices to make it easier to eat, companies are divided into shares to make it easier for people to buy. Once you buy a share in a company, you will become a part-owner of that company.

For example, if a Company X is divided into 10 million shares and you own 1 million shares, then you own 10% of Company X. Cool, right?

So why would these big companies sell shares of their business? Why do they need our money? The answer is that sometimes, big companies need to raise additional capital (A.K.A. tons of cash) to grow their business faster. If a company wants to develop new products, conduct research, or build more facilities, it would take a lot of money to fund those projects. Even big companies would find it hard to get so much cash so quickly, so they raise the money by selling shares on the stock market instead. This means that if you buy shares from a company, you are giving them money to grow their business in exchange for part-ownership that same business.

Okay, so how can you make money in the stock market?

Once you’ve bought shares in a company (or a few companies), you can make money in 2 ways: through price appreciation or through dividends.

1. Earning through price appreciation

When you own shares of a company, it is possible for the market value or price of those shares to change over time. Depending on how many people want to buy those shares and how many people are willing to sell them, the price will either go up or down. This is the concept of supply and demand—how many people want to sell vs. how many people want to buy.

For example, if a company announces that it will launch a new product or that it earned a lot of money in the last quarter, more people may want to own a share of that company. If more people want to buy shares but few people want to sell, then the demand will be greater than the supply and the price will go up. On the other hand, if there is bad news about a company like low sales or problems with their factory, then people may not want to own a share of that company anymore. If more people want to sell their shares but fewer people want to buy, then supply will be greater than demand and the price will go down.

This is a simple example, but in reality there are a lot of factors that affect supply and demand. Because the whole world is connected, what happens in other countries may also affect the Philippine economy and the prices of our stocks.

To make money through price appreciation, you must know how to consistently invest your money in stocks that increase in price and then be able to sell them before the price goes down. It takes time to develop this skill, but it can be very rewarding. There is no limit to how much money you can make, and the opportunities are endless!

2. Earning through dividends

Another way that you can earn money in the stock market is through dividends. Dividends are simply portions of the company’s profit that are shared with their stockholders as a benefit of being part-owners of the company. How much and how often dividends are given is up to the company to decide.

This is simpler than price appreciation, but you will have little control over how much money you can make. However, if you do not want to be concerned with analyzing supply and demand, you can buy shares in companies that are known to give out dividends regularly. This would require less effort while still allowing you to earn.

Interested? Here’s how you can get started.

Step 1: Know what you’re getting into

Although you can make a lot of money through the stock market, you can also lose a lot of money if you don’t know what you’re doing. Stock trading is a skill, just like drawing or playing an instrument, so don’t expect to be a stock market wizard right away. It will take time for you to develop your skills and learn how to trade stocks properly, so don’t put your life’s savings on the line unless you have tried and tested your strategies already. Stock traders are not gamblers.

If you want to practice trading stocks but don’t want to risk money yet, then you can try out our virtual trading platform. Using this platform, you can buy and sell stocks, manage your portfolio, and follow price movements of real stocks in the Philippine Stock Exchange—all with zero risk of losing money. You will see what it really takes to make money in the stock market and then be able to decide for yourself if you want to start trading with real money or if you are better off with other investment options.

The stock market is a great option if you want to grow your money, but it is not your only option. Know what you’re getting into before you dive in with all of your hard-earned money.

Step 2: Find a stock broker

If you’re sure you want to invest in the stock market, then the next step is to find a stock broker. Stock brokers are individuals or institutions that are licensed to buy and sell stocks in the Philippine Stock Exchange. If you want to trade stocks, you will need a licensed stock broker to make the actual transactions for you.

There are two main types of brokers: traditional brokers and online brokers.

1. Traditional Brokers
Traditional brokers are usually individual people that you call or text whenever you want to make a transaction. Nowadays, you can even reach some of them through popular messaging apps like Viber, Facebook Messenger, and more. Traditional brokers are great for people who are busy with other things and want advice from a professional.

2. Online Brokers
Online brokers on the other hand are usually institutions that are licensed to buy and sell stocks. To make a transaction, you would simply log into their website and make the transaction yourself. This is sort of the DIY method where you are given the tools to trade stocks, but there is no one to give you advice. This type of broker is usually used by active traders because the fees are lower and the transactions are faster. However, you will need to learn about the stock market and proper trading on your own because there is no one to guide you.

Step 3: Open an account

Once you’ve chosen a stock broker, you will have to open an account with them. Different brokers have different requirements, but most of them will only require a few things:

1. A properly filled up application form, which you can get from their office or website

2. Two valid government ID’s, like a passport or driver’s license

3. Your Tax Identification Number (TIN)

After you submit all the requirements, simply wait for your application to be approved before depositing the capital investment for your account.

Step 4: Start trading!

Once you’ve deposited the money to fund your account, you can already start trading! But remember that this doesn’t mean you’ll make tons of money right away. As you may already know if you tried our virtual trading platform, stock trading takes time and effort. You need to spend time and effort analyzing the market, refining your strategy, and constantly improving yourself if you want to succeed. The more you trade, the better you will understand yourself and what works for you—how much risk you can take, how often you want to make trades, how much money you can afford to invest, etc.

It doesn’t stop there.

We’ve covered a lot in this article, but there’s always more to learn! There are many ways to invest, make money, and conquer the stock market.